Homosexuality- Same sex child adoption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Homosexuality- Same sex child adoption - Essay Example Homosexuals consider it their right to live with the partner of their choice according to their will. But on the other hand, their choice is met with much criticism by religious and social groups who consider this aspect of human nature to be unethical. Homosexuals consider it their right to lead normal lives like other couples and they wish to opt for the completion of their family by adoption. But this issue is also criticized because it is argued that the homosexual parents will not be able to cater the needs of the children and will lay a negative impact on them. The subject of adoption by homosexual groups has been a challenge but these same sex couples have fought for the legalization of their rights and consider a stop on this adoption as an encroachment on their civil liberties and personal lives. The number of children who are being raised in homosexual families has increased to a great level and it has been reported that approximately 270,000 children are living with homosexual parents. There are many methods that are employed by the homosexuals for the purpose of raising children. They opt for methodologies which include artificial insemination for lesbian mothers, surrogate mothers for gay couples or adoption. It is not an easy option for them as it is for heterosexuals owing to the arrangements that they need to make before the process of adoption. Furthermore, they have to go through legal proceedings which also do not guarantee of the fact that whether they would be allowed to adopt the child or not (National Center for Lesbian Rights (U.S.). 2004; Perrin 2002). The raising of children by homosexuals is an issue of stereotyping. A woman in the United Kingdom who had to lose custody of her children owing to her addiction was shocked when she heard that her children were being adopted by gays. The grandparents of the children as well as other relatives were not very happy with this decision. They

Cold war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cold war - Essay Example This paper will address the cold war topic into details. The cold war was the tension that existed between the Western and Eastern blocs. After, the end of World War II, an English journalist named George Orwell used the term cold war in his essay (Lewis, 2006). As stated above, the cold war was led by the United States, its NATO partners and the Soviet Union together with its satellite associates. Some of the Soviet Republics included Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Eastern Finland, Lithuania and Eastern Romania. These territories were liberated and were transformed into satellite states (Leffler, 2008). The United States was the Western bloc (Western world) while the Soviet Union was known as the Eastern bloc (also communist world) (Tyull & Enright, 2011). The war commenced after the triumph of their wartime coalition against Nazi Germany. This success factor triggered political and economic differences among these two superpowers. The main wary factor in the war period was the introducti on of weapons of mass destruction. Before the war had commenced, the two superpowers fought together as friends during World War II, since; they had one enemy in common (Arne, 2007). The reason behind the naming of the war originates from the fact that the war did not involve direct military action because both sides were in possession of nuclear weapons. This war was caused by several issues. Some of the prevalent issues include Truman’s dislike of Stalin, Russia’s loathe of capitalism, secrets in nuclear power, fear of attack by the United States, need to secure the western border and the aim of spreading communism in the world (Brown, 2011). These among other factors are some of the main causes that led to the rise of the cold war. However, this rivalry was presented through espionage, aid to client countries, rivalry at sport competitions, massive propaganda campaigns, technological contests, military federations and making pleas to neutral nations. One of the most evident expressions of the conflict is the Space Race which was related to technological improvement. These were some of the proxy wars that the Soviet Union fought with the United States (Leffler, 2008). Additionally, both parties sought for a detente so as to relieve the military and political tensions (Arne, 2007). However, in the 1980s, the Western bloc increased their military, economic and diplomatic pressures. This was the period when the Soviet Union faced economic stagnation. According to researchers, the cold war was the first-ever war between the social and economic systems (Tyull & Enright, 2011). In this period, the prime minister of Britain, Winston Churchill felt that the Soviet leader; Joseph Stalin was quite untrustworthy. Stalin was viewed as distrustful after Truman informed him of a new weapon that he was to use against the Japanese. In addition, Stalin knew about the weapon’s power after reports of Hiroshima went back to Moscow. He also asserted that Wor ld War II was an inevitable case of capital imperialism and that the implications of the war reoccurring were exceptionally high. The Soviet Union had a vast army known as the Red Army that was headed by the Zhukov while the United States region were in possession of the atomic bomb which was recognized as the most destructive weapon of mass destruction in the world (Tyull & Enright, 2011). Patton who was one of the leading generals in the Western bloc recommended that the

Environmental Factors Affecting The Operations Management Commerce Essay

Environmental Factors Affecting The Operations Management Commerce Essay Increase emphasis is going towards reduce waste, recycle and reuse product parts. Societies and communities have stressed the need on enteritis whereby controls over waste disposals, global warming and other environmental issues are highly expected. Meeting Environmental quality standards are one of the key main aspects played by operations management The significance of this issue is demon- started by a set of standards termed ISO 14000. Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), these standards provide guidelines and a cortication program documenting a companys environmentally responsible actions. Key environmental factors basically affecting operations management can be identifiable as MICRO and MACRO environmental aspects as: MICRO Labor inefficiency Organizational structure Organizational culture MACRO Technology Innovation Market/customers Economic conditions Governmental issues and regulations As far as the Alton Ltd is concerned one of the key environmental aspect can be indicated to be the change in economic environment of UK where the purchasing power of the people goes Down then adverse impacts could be expected. As a result visitors may demand even lower prices than 19 pounds per head having in mind the 2o million pound investments made to improve activities in the park. As a precautionary measure Alton can enter into a hedging deal if the economic conditions expected to be unacceptable. Higher labor cost would be another environmental fact that can bring down the profit margin if the company has no proper control over the number of employees assigned irrespective of peak or off peak. Different perception of work measurement( As far as work measurement is concerned it is a process of establishing the precise time duration that would be efficiently taken by a qualified worker at a designated degree of performance. In the view of work measurement there are number of techniques have been set up to full fill the purpose. Regardless of whatever the technique in use the basis consists of three phases an psychotherapy phase in which the job is spited into convenient, isolated components, commonly known as elements; a measurement phase in which the specific measurement technique is used to ascertain the time required (by a qualified worker working at a defined level of performance) to complete each element of work; a amalgamation phase in which the various elemental times are added, together with appropriate allowances (see below), to construct the standard time for the complete job. The techniques used to measure work can be classified into those that depend on direct observation of work, and those that do not. For example, some techniques, such as pre determined motion systems and the use of synthetic or standard data can provide times from simulation or even visualization of the work. However, the data on which such techniques are based were almost certainly based on earlier observation of actual work. Choosing a measurement technique The choice of a suitable measurement technique depends on a number of factors including: the purpose of the measurement; the level of detail required; the time available for the measurement; the existence of available predetermined data; The cost of measurement. It can be said that there is a tradeoff between some of these critical factors. For example techniques which derive times rapidly may result in relatively less suitable for some processes. Some purposes, such as the establishment of individual performance levels on short-cycle work. The main advantage of structured and systematic work measurement is that it enables a common platform for appraising and comparison of all types of work. The results obtained from work measurement are commonly used as the basis of the planning and scheduling of work, manpower planning, work balancing in team working, costing, labor performance measurement, and financial incentives. They are less commonly used as the basis of product design, methods comparison, work sequencing and workplace design. 2 Task two Various Operation strategies adopted by Tesco Ltd According to the given scenario (scenario 2) Tesco is a leading giant with its core strategic business unit being chain of super markets having its presence in overseas as well. Number of operational strategies can be quoted in the given scenario which is attributable to strategic, tactical and operational levels. According to Tesco with its reputation to value as a strategic measure it has launched a web page that facilitated non food items as well as financial services As per the tactical aspect Tesco has introduced different formats for shopping accompanied by It assisted improved customer relations that will affect long term sustainability of the entity Through operations management Tesco will be in a position to maintain its critical success factors like Own Brand image and tightened supplier relations that gains cost advantage, in turn will add value to its short, intermediate and long term decisions in a more favorable manner. For an example, given the fact its sales growth reads around 21.9%. Cost allocations, budget preparations and controlling distributions to high sale segments and assigning employees to appropriate outlets can be strategically determined through effective and efficient operations management. Strategic importance of operations management in the decision making process 3 Task three When it comes to designing of a product or services number of factors will affect the process such as Customer expectation Threat of substitutability Product or service viability Restrictions from government and various social organizations Access to raw materials and effect on the existing product portfolio. Conversely, if the designing stage can be implemented successfully then the company would end up with high earning potentials that will also contribute to stakeholder wealth maximization. Long term sustainability may also be foothold on that particular new designed product enabling newly emerged markets etc.. 4 Task four Capacity planning and control is an issue which is faced by almost every process in a given organization. Furthermore it can affect directly to the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. Capacity planning and control is concerned with making sure there is some level of balance between demand placed on an operation and its ability to fulfill the demand. If an operation has too much capacity at any point in time it will be underutilizing it resources, paying out for machinery and facilities and often paying its staff but, because demand is lower than capacity, its costs are spread over two few customers. As a result the cost per customer will be very high. If it has too little capacity, its costs will be low (because its facilities will be fully utilized)however its capacity will be very poor as it is either turning customer away or making them wait for their product s or services. In light of this, it will undermine the companys success towards the future. Therefore there are serious consequences of getting the balance between demand and capacity wrong. Tesco can gain cost benefits with more appropriate allocation of supermarket space for fast moving items and also allocating employees at correct capacity without inputting more labor nor inputs that will lead to diminishing returns. Decisions are aimed at providing the total amount of capacity at the right place at the precise time. There are number of factors to be looked into before arriving at its final decision on where to establish, but the ideal locations are where the costs are at lowest. When it comes to the long term view capacity planning is largely determined by the size of the facilities provided. Like availability of a trained workforce, staffing levels in terms of market demand and need to make the stable workforce, number of people in operations, cost of land and premises. In the short course available capacity must be allocated for the relevant task by scheduling the number of people. Equipment etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Inventory planning and control systems Inventory control system is a process for managing and locating objects or materials. In common usage, the term may also refer to just the software components. Modern inventory control systems often rely upon barcodes and RFID tags to provide automatic identification of inventory objects. In an academic study performed at WALMART, RFID reduced Out of Stocks by 30 percent for products selling between 0.1 and 15 units a day. Inventory objects could include any kind of physical asset: merchandise, consumables, fixed assets, circulating tools, library books, or capital equipment. To record an inventory transaction, the system uses a BARCODE SCANNER or FRFID READER to automatically identify the inventory object, and then collects additional information from the operators via fixed terminals mobile computers Buffer inventory is required as: 1. Compensation for differences in the timing of supply and demand 2. Compensation for the uncertainties inherent in supply and demand 3. One or more stages in the operation cannot supply all the items it produces simultaneously 4. Material cannot be transported instantaneously between the point of supply and the point of demand (www.growingsmallbusiness.com) Today maintain inventory levels have become a tuff challenge. inventory not being managed would result in adverse manner where substantial expenses will incur.. Fortunately, there are management information systems that exist which use microcomputers and a variety of industry specific software. The cost of carrying inventory today has become a major expenditure and requires immediate attention. The benefits of inventory control far outweigh the costs. Any reduction in inventories, whether it is raw material, work-in-process, finished goods or supplies, can have a dramatic impact on your bottom line. Industry averages suggest that a 20 percent DETERIORATION in inventory is achievable with a computerized inventory control system. For a entity with a yearly sales volume of $1 million, such a reduction would result in savings of $14,400 per annum and would free up $48,000 of new dollars for reinvestment. For a entity with a yearly sales volume of $10 million, the figures are proportionately higher: $144,000 per year in savings and $480,000 in new dollars for reinvestment. 5 Task five Operations strategies that can be used for Tesco Basically retail industry involve in the business of sale of new or used goods to the end consumer for personal or household consumption purposes. Since the cut-throat competition is becoming tougher in retail space with increasingly growing supply and demand. In order to continuously improve on the processes and leverage on the core competencies, in the case of TESCO (OWN BRAND NAME AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE) there is a need for a foundation that provides accurate information wherever whenever require. This brings the need for the strategic management of supplies and inventory as far as retail industry is concerned. To change an in-store paper based environment of registering sales in retail shops to an online shopping environment, there is a need for integration would arise in order to enhance customer satisfaction, increase productivity and liberate sales from registering chores and extend market beyond traditional bounds. To sustain and over grow in the market place enriching category, item planning, streamlining product introductions and other business strategies alone will not be sufficient, nevertheless to improve the customer experience and further differentiate the brand real time visibility to sales and order status, in store kiosks, and service desk encasements and strategic technologies to track inventory have become the call. New efficiency I managing the stocks and collaborative forecasting and replenishment help ensure the product customers want are readily available on store shelves. For a leading retailer like Tesco inventory lying would be of great use since it holds on to substantial inventory levels that are associated with higher stock holding costs. Nevertheless risk of inventories being destroyed is also there resulting In disastrous effects. In contrast Tesco and Alton towers ltd are two extreme entities catering to different industries where Tesco is more physical assets and labor oriented whereas Alton is more or less into services.. In comparison both the entities have to have better control mechanism with efficient control over labor, resource management etc Project management and quality control Project Managers take decisions in planning and monitoring tasks and resources, control cost and budgets and identify and resolve issues associated with the project. To be successful the operation management should undertake the range of competing requirements for resources. The project managers must retain all levels of operation management by monitoring current projects in an aggregate form. They can provide the operation management tools and expertise to make informed decisions that improve the organization as a whole. Without a single point of project planning and control, decisions such as resource assignments and issue reorganization that are not effective. For an organization to accomplish project management successfully, they must organize the track for resource allocations throughout the organization. Compare and contrast between retail and service operations in the view of Tesco and Alton Ltd As far as the two entities are concerned Tesco would emphasize more on its product, distribution channels as well as employees working under the company. On top of that Tesco is currently maintaining strategic business units such as Tele communication, groceries, non food items and provision of financial services could be segregated from Alton Ltd which has one strategic business units operated in as a hotel and concerned on solely on providing customer friendly services in its theme park. In a broader scale Tesco with its chain of super markets operated in different geographical areas where activities would be concentrated based on its various economic factors, cultures etc nevertheless. Of its critical success factors namely brands, lower prices being maintained, and local approach for advertising and marketing will have to be maintained in order to operate at current capacity as well as future growth potential. CONCLUSION Concerning the facts included in the aforementioned report it can be concluded that Alton Ltd has future potential of having a steady growth in to the future whilst Tesco seems to be struggling to remain in Monopoly status through effective and efficient .operations management. On top of that it would be more appropriate Alton Ltd could further allocate the theme park separately for a certain age group and train the workers to undertake any jobs specialized to that particular area (area allocated to specific age group)also multi task capable workers would improve the efficiencies in the operations inside the park in a instance of absence of employee for a major task. Tesco will be required to minimize the regulation pressure currently confronted with and improve in customer base through innovative thinking such as launch of Tesco.com and maintaining better customer relations, Since Tesco is equipped with few strategic business units, its corporate level strategies are bound with these business units which will enable the company to evolve if the cooperate and business strategies are achieved through its effective operation management Better relationship with suppliers would enable Tesco to maintain economies of scale in an inflationary situation over its other key competitors. REFERANCES: (www.gorecroot.com) www.ims-productivity.com) www.ims-productivity.com

John Steinbeck :: essays research papers fc

In the nineteen-thirties John Steinbeck rose to a literary prominence. This was a period of time when economical and political crisis had tended to obscure the direction and the value of his work. Steinbeck from the very beginning of his career regarded all causes and all solutions, with both detachment and skepticism. Steinbeck's reviewers were troubled with this detachment, because most other intellectuals had shifted from political alienation to political commitment (Unger 50). Steinbeck was fascinated with the human drama, people that were on the lowest part of the economical chain seemed to interest him. However Steinbeck refused to take part in anything, he did want anything to do with Politics, Steinbeck avoided publicity and his refusal to play a literary role. He made him self as unpopular writer so he never got any serious attention (Unger 52). By this time his work was becoming enormously popular, but as a result of him not taking part in anything his work was often misunderstood. Most literary commentators sharply criticized Steinbeck for dialectical inconsistencies. The readers really failed to understand that he had no fixed dialect. His views were based upon mythic and biological archetypes. Steinbeck always looked for material that might serve as a metaphor for universal rather than particular truth. Steinbeck set his self apart from the Naturalist from the turn of the century and Marxist-orientated writers of the 1930's, because he said that moral choice is a man's proper environment. A moral universe is want set him apart from the rest of nature (Gale 3372). The major books of John Steinbeck are easy reading, but to really understand them you have to have the willingness and ability to work through the most obvious level. Steinbeck uses statements of human truth which goes far beyond the actions themselves, this method is symbolic. This method means that the story can be extremely limited but it triggers chain reactions pointing to universal truth (Gale 3381). Steinbeck uses a wide variety of symbolic and linguistic instruments so he could get the full reality that he wants to communicate with.

Archetypes in Apollo and Daphne

Every single person goes through changes that are either positive and/or negative in their lives. Changes in life come for many reasons and the metamorphosis archetype give the tools for explaining these changes. In the story â€Å"Apollo and Daphne† a Greek myth translated by Role Humphreys, the reader can Identify the changes that can be explained by the metamorphosis archetype.The metamorphosis archetype â€Å"Is a two-way street'; the change can be positive and/ or negative† (class notes). When Cupid shoots his arrows at Apollo and Daphne they both have a change of heart about love, â€Å"at once he loved and she at once fled from the name of lover† (178). While Apollo now loves and wants to be married, Daphne runs away from the thought of love. The changes seen In these characters can be viewed both positive and negative for each. Apollo changes from being a tough warrior to someone with a kind and loving heart.However this change can also be viewed negative ly, in the sense that his newfound love for Daphne is his only priority. Daphne on the other hand changes into someone who is incapable of love. This incapability drives her to run away from love itself, which is a negative change. â€Å"Metamorphosis stories defy the long list of human limitations; they allow humans to do and be things thought impossible† (class notes). In the story the character Daphne is not able to love and Apollo can only think about love due to Cupid's arrow.Once Apollo laid his eyes upon Daphne he was instantly in love. His love drove him to infers his feeling towards her, which caused Daphne to feel frightened and run away from the scene. While running away in fear Daphne asks the river to â€Å"change and destroy the body' (108). This resulted in Daphne turning into a tree â€Å"her hair was leaves, her arms were branches, and her speedy feet rooted and held† (181). A human asking for help from a river and turning into a tree is impossible bu t in a metamorphosis stories the impossible is defied. Many metamorphoses are actually either rewards or punishments† (class notes). At the beginning of the story we see the character Apollo as someone who Is a strong warrior when he says, â€Å"the bow Is for my shoulders; I never fall In wounding beasts or mortals† (1 78), to Cupid. Apollo also says to Cupid â€Å"the torch, my boy, Is enough for you to play with† (178). Apollo Is telling Cupid that unlike him he Is not old or strong enough to use the bow an arrow. Cupid responds to this by telling Apollo, â€Å"your bow shoots everything-maybe-but mine will fix you† (178).At this point Cupid Is fed up tit Apollo and decides to give him a punishment. He shoots Apollo with an arrow that makes him fall In love with Daphne. He also decides to shoot an arrow at Daphne, which causes her to avoid love at all costs. Apollo at this point is chasing someone who he will never have as his punishment. The story â₠¬Å"Apollo and Daphne† has many changes that can be analyzed with the shows the characteristics of changes that the metamorphosis archetype views. There is change all around us and it is something that cannot be avoided.

Evaluate a Significant Experience, Achievement, Risk You Have Taken, or Ethical Dilemma You Have Faced and Its Impact on You.

â€Å"Time is money†, a truth touted by all. Parents remind their kids of it, teachers preach to their students about it, society reinforces it with wages being paid by the hour; everything we do, every purpose we have, every goal we strive for, every moments we live by, it is what all for. So simply, that we are told thousands of times. But do we believe it live we believe the existence of life itself? Can we see it as we see everything crystal clear around ourselves?It was not too long ago that I went to an optometrist to have my eyes examined. I set aside the entire day, believing that I would leave the exam with dilated pupils and that like last time, I'd not be seeing properly for a solid three hours, three hours that I would never have returned to me. However, unbeknownst to me, in the time between my previous eye exams, a new machine had been developed. This machine called the Optomap Panoramic Retinal Imaging System, and on that day, it stood in the corner of a room an d hummed sonorously.Casting it aside as a non-contact tonometer, I sat down and instinctively braced myself for air puffing, bright lights and minor discomfort or in other words, an eye exam. Passing through the tests in mere minutes, the dreaded moment of pupil dilation was to rear its unwanted head in. However, much to my surprise, I was directed to the corner where the previously sonorous hum now bordered ominous. The doctor proceeded to ask if I would like to use the humming Optomap in lieu of pupil dilation.I asked apprehensively if this would be a simpler procedure and was given an enthusiastic nod in return. Against my better judgment, I allowed for the optometrist to take images of the retina through the Optomap. Amazingly, it was mere seconds per eye and my exam was finished. This machine which at first appeared almost ominous had saved me three hours of my time. I had been by some miracle, reunited with the three hours that I thought I would never be seeing. The feeling I had afterwards was nothing short of euphoria.On top of this feeling of elatedness because time is equivalent to money, by the application of the substitution property of equality it can also be said that this machine, the Optomap, saved me money as well. It was from that moment, I felt that every person and ever time consuming medical procedure could benefit from the effects of advanced technology made available by bridging the gap between the various principles of engineering to the world of medicine. It is this experience, a simple visit to the optometrist for an eye exam that I consider one of the most significant of my life.

Airbus Strategic Management

Airbus Strategic Management Introduction Airbus is an international aircraft manufacturing company with its head quarters situated in Blagnac, France. It is a subsidy of European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company N.V. (EADS) which owns 80% of the company and the remaining 20% is owned by BAE Systems plc (LSE: BA.).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Airbus Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has three other operational bases in Europe situated in Germany, Spain and in the United Kingdom. The company has a pool of 57,000 workers distributed in sixteen branches and sub branches. In 2009 the company started construction of a branch in Tianjin (China); the branch is only producing minimal products and making repairs. It is estimated to be a full brown company by the year 2012. In its investments the company has subsidies and sub -subsidies to companies in United States, Japan, China, and India (McIntyre, 1982). Half o f the worlds airplanes are thought to have been made by the company. It’s credited for having made the world’s largest airplane A380 and the fly-by-wire airliner. The success of the company has been credited to technological advancement which has resulted in production of highly efficient airplanes. When the company was incorporated it was a consortium of European aviation. It later diverted to plane construction where it competes with companies like Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and American Lockheed. All its major competitors are situated in United States of America. The company was established at the era where globalization had raised the need for air transport as countries trade increased. The decision to have an airplane manufacturing company was the decision that was considered by the governments of Germany, France, and United Kingdom in 1967. In 1970, the company started it operations with Groupement dInteret Economique  as the major supporter of the company fina ncially. The English name for the group is Economic Interest Group or GIE. The name Airbus was the common name for planes which were large in the period and thus the company adopted the name. The first aero plane by the company was called Airbus A300 (Airbus official website, 2010). This report is divided into three parts where the first part takes a look at strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Airbus Company; the second part, looks at the external environment of the company and gauges the level of participation that the company have in the competitive industry. The third part will be recommendations on the measures that the company should implement to remain competitive. The first part will also have a section which analyses current trends in global airline industry.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current position The company boasts being the world’s largest aero plane manufacturer and specializes in large planes. It has made the world’s largest aircraft. Among the competitors of the company are Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and American Lockheed. To remain competitive, the company has ensured that it makes products which are responsive to people’s needs. There are different approaches that the company takes in its business. These include; Making planes on order The company takes orders from different companies, countries organizations and individuals to make different models. It gives customers the freedom to choose the level of technology that they want implemented, however the suggestions made by customers should be in line with the company’s policies. Making planes and having them in its show room for sale The company has a show room where it portrays its products for sale to its target market. It also acts as the place where the available technology and models are displayed to the custom ers. Undertaking various researches and testing these products The company maintains a research and development team which is mandated with the task of advising the company on the demands of the customers. They are the ones who are given the mandate of surveying the market and interpolating the competitor’s technology. There is a wave to low fuel consumption jets and planes which require modern technology; airline is aware of the changes in technology and it’s aligning its ways to the move. The company is making large planes to ensure that their customers enjoy from economies of scale. The jumbo planes are sold mostly to national airlines of different countries and small size planes target private airline companies and individuals who buy planes. Some military forces from different countries contract the company for planes for various purposes. When this is the case there is collaboration between engineers from the military and the company. They then aim to make plan es which are responsive to the needs of the force. When making war planes, specifications and controls that are required in the planes are made in consultation with concerned parties.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Airbus Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some technology adopted by the company is a â€Å"first† in the industry and thus it calls the operators of the planes and the company to join hands and offer training services. In the effort to remain competitive the company borrows from other companies and improve the technology. The move to venture in China was seen as a strategy to tap Chinese high technology. Other than making fuel efficient planes; the company makes planes with different features to meet the demand of the market. For example, there are planes which are more comfortable, some planes have high security feature and their size varies. This is to ensure that all the ma rkets are well catered for. Current issues in Airplanes business As technology advances, the transport sector is not left behind; there have been numerous developments in plane technology. Good and efficient transport is the back bone of trade and by extension economy. Other than the internet, the other development that has made the world a village is transport; more so air transport. This mode of transport has come with good things; however there are some problems that are associated with this means of transport the most serious being safety. How safe are the passengers? Are their lives safe? Are they psychologically troubled and how comfortable are they? In the recent past, there has been plane crashes in some parts of the world with the latest plane accident occurring on June 23, 2010 in Quebec, Canada and involved a Beechcraft A100 King Air model. The pilot of the above plane had reported that the plane had a problem and when trying to land, the plane exploded. There were seven people aboard and all of them died in the inferno. January 25, 2010 – there was another plane crash involving an Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-800 after taking off from Beirut airport. All the 90 passengers and crew on board perished. On May 20, 2009, An Indonesian C130 military transport plane crashed a few miles from Iswahyudi air force base in East Java. There were 110 passengers and crew members. 98 people were killed including two people who were not in the plane. Terrorism is another problem that air plane transport is faced with. Terrorists have for long targeted planes; this has left the passengers and crew’s lives endangered. Numerous deaths have occurred as a result. For example, in September 11, 2001, an attack of the world trade centre was made possible because the terrorist were able to use a plane for the attack. This brings in another angle to the discussion involving this means of transport; not only is it dangerous to the people aboard the plane but al so to those on the ground. The attack resulted in deaths of over 3000 people both on the ground and those aboard. In 2009, there was a threat of attack to an American plane where a Nigerian student had entered the plane with a bomb; though the attack was not carried out, there was a huge panic all over the world about the safety of passengers. Air rage is another problem that is on the rise in the recent past. More and more passengers are becoming victims of attack as well as lack of comfort as they board planes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More SWOT Analysis Strengths Airbus strength is built on the strong brand name that is internationally recognized. There is a wide recognition of its products in all parts of the world. The strength of the company is undoubtedly engineered by its internal managerial mechanisms. In order to have a competitive edge in selling its product and services, it will be advisable for the company to take the advantage of its ability to compete favourably with equal players in the market. Airbus is able to adopt different modalities and outreach programs of reaching out to its consumers. In a market mostly controlled by the efficiency and the affordability of the products as well as quality, it will be an open strength for the company to explore more on innovations. In retrospect, strategic marketing plan should be in a position to explicitly document the various channels that can be used by the company to allocate more resources towards improving quality. Weaknesses There is no one company that is perfect; there is always an area that offers a weak point. One of the weak points that the company will undergo through are internal while others are from the external environment. Weaknesses refer to stumbling blocks that may deter the company from progressing towards a particular direction. One of the weaknesses is attitude that customers have upon new things introduced in the market. When discussing the concept of strategic market planning, we discover that resources are vital for an organization to effect significant changes. Another area of inevitable weakness is an expansion plan which entails diversifying the level of the company activities. This may take different forms. A critical look at geographical expansion depicts a glaring possibility of other stringent market uncertainties. Right at the onset, strategic planning will demand strategic resources, both human and financial, to make any significant move. Besides, implementation of the proposed market research will require mutual consent from all the affected divisions in the company. This will not only consume time as decisions are being made, but a lot of uncertainties abound especially on the verdict of the company. Opportunities and Threats Opportunities and threats are external forces that a company has minimal control over. These are outside factors which may work to the benefit or danger of the company. Opportunities for the company are dependent on both the internal and external assessment criteria of the company’s profile of operation. Similar to the weaknesses discussed above, the company can still optimize on the various opportunities available to bring about sustainable growth through effective competition. Some of the underlying opportunities for this company in regard to the macro environment are the diversification of its activities. In striking for the right opportunities, the company will have to analyze its main market rival. The strategies being employed by the competitor sh ould be critically assessed and evaluated for necessary counter action. In addition, the general plan of the competitor in a bid to control the market is a vital toolkit which this company can use to estimate the competitive edge of the market. Internal/External Analysis of Business Objectives Airbus is affected by the internal and external forces. The success that it has is dependent on how well it is going to overcome challenges posed by internal and external forces. To explain the forces, we will consider five porters model forces. In 1980, Porter developed a structure for analyzing the nature and extent of competition within an industry. His argument was that, in every industry, there are at least five competitive forces which establish the nature of competition within that industry. These five forces are discussed below: Threat of new Entrants Bargaining Power of Buyers Threat of Substitute products or Substitutes Rivalry among Existing competitors Buyer’s Bargaining Power The success of a business is dependent with the buyers. They are the customers of a business. They shape the kind of products that a business makes. Buyers have the ability to determine which products will move first and which will not. It is through buyers that a company realizes its competitive advantage in the market. In plane manufacturing business, there is need to produce quality goods which are responsive to the needs of their customers. In plane industry, there is a strong shift to have a move to low fee planes. This is an area the company should ensure it has made fuel efficient planes and big enough that passengers can enjoy economies of scale. Supplier’s Bargaining Power To create awareness of the kind of services that a company produces, there is need for marketing campaigns. In plane making-its main business, the Airbus should ensure that there is national and international awareness of activities that take place. The company needs to employ good strategie s to ensure that customers are aware of the existence of the products; it is by doing this that it can command more business. When quality products are well known by the customers, they are likely to be more accepted. Sales team should ensure that it makes the best targets and market segmentation. Competitive Rivalry in the Industry Within an industry, there are businesses which compete with one another for the available market share. These businesses either specialize in the production of similar products or differentiated products. In plane manufacturing, there are a number of existing companies which include Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and American Lockheed. There are also new entrants in the business. Threat of New Entrants Airbus enjoys the largest plane making in the world; this does not mean though that there are no threats to its operations. The threat of new entrants to an industry depends on the number of entry barriers available. The higher the entry barriers, the fewer th e number of competitors will be in the industry. These barriers include: capital costs of entry, legal constraints, and access to distributing channels. Threat of Substitutes The company is competing internationally and thus there is the threat that someone may decide to use another country’s products instead of those of Airbus. A substitute product is a product that meets the same needs as those met by a product produced by another company. The extent of the threat from a particular substitute will depend upon two factors; namely, willingness of buyers to switch to substitute products and the degree to which the value and performance of the substitute can compete with the industry’s product (Alter) Managerial decision-making is the process through which managers arrive at the alternative solution to a given challenge facing an organization. The success of an organization is dependent on the quality of decisions made by its managers. One of the major attributes that ma ke a good manager stand out is his or her decisiveness. The quality of decisions made by a manager is reflected in the performance of his or her organization (Wheelen Hunger, 1998). Defining the problem The first step in making a good decision is defining the challenge that calls for a decision to be made. There are problems that require either a â€Å"no† or a â€Å"yes†, others require an urgent solution and others can wait for a certain period of time for alternative solution to be arrived. Generally to have a job well-done, it is of great importance that people involved start from the beginning. Decision making is not an exemption. In this stage, a good context of the problem is grasped. It is only after getting the correct understanding of the problem that he/she can make a good decision. Gathering data In this stage the manager should gather all relevant data and facts. It is from the facts and data that he develops various alternatives of choices that can be us ed to solve the problem at hand. The statistics will also be the ones that will support the final decision. There are various methods of collecting data; they include researching, brainstorming, and experimentation. It is the manager’s duty to choose the right method to adopt because different problems call for different methods. Depending on the problem, the people to be consulted differ. However, an effective manager should ensure that he/she consults those who matter and those who know. Consultation assists in making a more informed decision and assists in generating more alternatives of choice. Their opinions and viewpoints should be considered in the final decision making, but the manager should always keep in mind that it is his/her responsibility to come up with the right decision (Williams, 2001). Choosing the best alternative After taking time and pondering over the issues; time taken depends on the urgency of the decision, he/she chooses and implements the best alte rnative. At the initial stage a lot of support of the decision is required to ensure that the whole organization or the departments concerned have adopted it effectively. It is not always that a decision made bring the expected results; thus feedback from the people on the ground and the general performance of the business should be sorted, so as areas that need improvement are recognized. In-case an area that needs improvement has been recognized, it should be addressed appropriately (Bridge Dodds, 1975). Today, the world is regaining from the world economic crisis that started in 2007. Every economy is trying to position itself to effectively recover. The crisis has already affected economies with a large number of them having a negative economic growth. There is hope that recovery will be attained. Different businesses have been affected in different angles. The transport business is one of the many that have suffered. Alongside the difficult economic situations, the airlines ar e facing stiff competition among themselves. There are different airlines that have developed strategies that have negatively affected the other players. There is a reduced business in some to the extent that there is likelihood that they may opt to merge with others so as to make them profitable. Almost all the airlines are struggling to keep afloat; there has been high bankruptcy in both the United States and Europe. The sector is affected by both the aftermath of gulf war and the global financial crisis. Airline business is one of the tricky businesses that entry is easy but quitting the industry is hard. There is the breaking down of the traditional pricing model; the model was offering for control of price wars in the airline market. The emergence of low cost carriers was on the rise. They charge as low as the half of the traditional costs. The major question that the sector is facing is what the future holds for it. The costs are not going down but on the rise. The cost of fue l is on the rise, the expectation of the customer in terms of services expected, the meals have become expensive, and the general expenses are on the rise. Of late there is the terrorist attack that is continuously reducing the goodwill of airline companies. The sector is facing challenges especially those companies that do not have a large capacity to compete with the leading carriers. The level of technology is another area that is contributing to the â€Å"unfair† competition. This is because of the new high tech facilities/ aero planes that are consuming fuel in an efficient way. The invention has made them able to charge lower prices and give good service, at the expense of the old models without this facility. There are also the jumbo planes that are capable to carry a large number of people, and thus they enjoy economies of scale. The prices charged are lower than the small planes. The concept of free trade is another way of doing business that has made the business to develop ways that they are going to fight their competitors. This has left the control of the airlines on the hands of individuals. When the control is on the individuals, then the dominant companies are more likely to develop measures that are going to negatively affect the small players (Congressional Research Service, 1992). Recommendations Airline industry is undergoing a rapid change. Airbus Company is affected by the trend and the way forward is ensuring that the company embraces efficiency in its processes. Efficiency in a business has numerous benefits to the business. It gives a business competitive advantage; to attain efficiency, there is need to ensure that all business processes are adequately addressed. Airline Company should borrow a move that was first implemented by Motorola in 1981 when the electronic industry had high competition. Motorola named the approach as Six Sigma. Despite the fact that the project had been innovated to be used in the company; it has sprea d to businesses in United States and other places in the world. It has also been incorporated in management syllabuses. When Airbus implements a six sigma procedure, it ensures that there is efficiency in all processes in a business; it uses scientific methods like data analysis to make decisions in a certain area. The process aims at attaining specializations in areas of interest in a way that the end result will give an overall efficiency in an organization. It creates special infrastructure and labels the users of such processes as â€Å"Belts†. There are â€Å"green belts† and â€Å"black belts† among others. After developing a certain route of efficiency, it lays down steps that must be followed to all people who are working in a particular area. The steps are regarded as the path of efficiency. The path minimizes wastes in all aspects as it aims at realizing the areas of defect. Improvement of a prevailing procedure follows after that has been attained. Th e management tool analyses any derivative from perfection and offer management with an overview of the areas that they need to look into for a full efficiency. The management system assumes that if Airbus has more than 3.4 defects, then the said company has a problem that need to be addressed. This is in the areas of fuel consumption level set by the company; comfort of the planes as per the required level of the company and how fast the company meet its customers’ needs. The method acknowledges that there is no 100% efficiency level; however it is of the option that the highest attainable efficiency should be sought. It is of the opinion that there are some areas in an organization which can be improved to attain full efficiency. Airbus should works with the following objectives in mind. Ensuring customer satisfaction;- this is attained through continuous improvement of processes other than processes there is the customer care that they receive from staff it should guarante e satisfaction. Defect- failing to deliver what the customer wants the management tool ensures that there is complete satisfaction of customers by quality products free from defects. Process- internal processes needs to be looked at to ensure that there is efficiency in production processes What the customer sees and feel; stable operations- Ensuring consistent, predictable processes to improve what the customer sees and feels; and design for six sigma- designing to meet customer needs and process capability The general way that the Airbus company management tool follows can be defined as Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. All the processes that Airline adopts when manufacturing products should be interpolated and ensured to be efficient. The initial stage of a six sigma if for management to agree and understand the need to develop a six sigma management tool when the decision has been reached it requires them to understand the prevailing condition. The first step in m aking a decision to implement six sigma management systems is defining the challenge that calls for an attention. They are involved in asking which areas require the change. Why is the change important? Generally to have a job well-done, it is of great importance that people involved start from the beginning. Decision making is not an exemption. In this stage, a good context of the problem is grasped. It is only after getting the correct understanding of the problem that he/she can make a good decision. Concerns of customers are noted, the trade of profit is analyzed. Since company A has been operating well then there has been an almost immediate change, it means there is a place where there are defects. These defects maybe in processing, in advertising, pricing or even distribution, it is the tapes of management to realize where. The next stage is for Airbus research team to gather all relevant data and facts. It is from the facts and data that he develops various alternatives of c hoices that can be used to solve the problem at hand. Customers who have complained may be called to give more details, production targets reviewed compare the company with other companies in the same industry, consider data from published and unpublished sources. The statistics will also be the ones that will support the final decision. There are various methods of collecting data; they include researching, brainstorming, and experimentation. It is the manager’s duty to choose the right method to adopt because different problems call for different methods. When adequate data has been collected, then the company has a base to make the right decision. After Airbus has understood the deficit in its production and depending on the problem, the people to be consulted differ. However, an effective manager should ensure that he/ she consults those who matter and those who know. Consultation assists in making a more informed decision and assists in generating more alternatives of ch oice. Their opinions and viewpoints should be considered in the final decision making, but the manager should always keep in mind that it is his/her responsibility to come up with the right decision. After taking time and pondering over the issues; time taken depends on the urgency of the decision, he/she chooses and implements the best alternative. At the initial stage a lot of support of the decision is required to ensure that the whole organization or the departments concerned have adopted it effectively. It is not always that a decision made bring the expected results; thus feedback from the people on the ground and the general performance of the business should be sorted, so as areas that need improvement are recognized. In-case an area that needs improvement has been recognized, it should be addressed appropriately (Heppenheimer, 1995). Certainly a decision to have a six sigma tool of management will change a number of things in an organization; the following are some of thing s that the management of six sigma should expect in Airbus Company; organizational structure; this is the way an organization set up is, it may be affected by the change about to come Addition/removal of another department; some departments may prove unworthy and as the source of inefficiency, they may be script. On the other hand, there may be need to develop a monitoring department which will be mandated with the task of overseeing the entire process removing procedural barriers to experimentation and change; these may be bureaucratic processes, some employees may be sucked, some deployed in other departments, and an additional employees may be required These are processes that involve top management to be fully involved and understand the trend and effect of the process. When all is set then next step is moved into. The last stage is control of the implemented project. When controlling there is an already set path through which processes should follow. They should start from so mewhere heading to another area. When under control, there is need to have a well defined personnel’s who have been recognized to have a certain efficiency level in an area, they should be empowered to conduct their duties. If there was a department that was scrapped, then any effects as a result should be understood and addressed Effectively project management plans are developed to ensure that the project sustainability has been attained. Though it is the final stage, it carries a lot of weight since it oversees that every process in the organization has been fully upgraded. It is not a onetime process but is a continuous one. Feedback is of importance and considered for further decision making. The following are some of the tools for this work quality control process charts, control charts, and standardization practices. Time and again there may be possibility that the Airbus Company devise better ways of doing things and this should not be locked out of the system. There is no most efficient system but it is unique to a particular organization and industry. All managerial departments should actively participate in this process for example, the human resource department is given the mandate of ensuring that adequate employees are available at all times in the organization; it has both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Qualitative means the right number of employees and qualitative means employees with right skills (McGuire, 1997). Critical factors define the path that Airline takes in attainment of its mission and vision. When the business is set to go there are things that must be done to ensure that all is well for the attainment of the set goals and objectives. In an information system case the critical success factors are the number of users who are going to use the system and the system will offer them assistance in the work that they are doing. At the same time there is the issue of market accessibility and the need for more market share as a result of the improvement. When developing an integrated system, there are the funds that go to the project and the benefit that the company is going to get as a result. When this is analyzed then the final result should be a benefit to the company. The duration that the program will be used in the company should be analyzed to ensure that it will be good enough for the company to have reaped benefits out of the investment. Customer satisfaction is another goal that the system should bring on board, since the entire development is aimed at creating a better experience to a company’s customers. References Airbus. (2010) Airbus. [Online] Available from:  https://www.airbus.com/ . Bridge, J., Dodds., J. (1975) Managerial decision making. London. Taylor Francis Congressional Research Service. (1992)  Airbus Industries: An Economic and Trade Perspective. U.S. Library of Congress. Heppenheimer, T.A. (1995)  Turbulent Skies: The History of Commercial Aviation. New York. J ohn Wiley. McGuire, S. (1997)  Airbus Industrie: Conflict and Cooperation in U.S.E.C. Trade Relations. New York. St. Martins Press. McIntyre, I. (1982)  Dogfight: The Transatlantic Battle Over Airbus. New York. Praeger Publishers. Wheelen, L., Hunger, J. (1998) Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society. Massachusetts. Addison Wesley Williams, S. (2001) Making better business decisions: understanding and improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills. London. Sage

Principles of Marketing (MRKT 310) Study Guide Essay Essay Example

Principles of Marketing (MRKT 310) Study Guide Essay Essay Example Principles of Marketing (MRKT 310) Study Guide Essay Essay Principles of Marketing (MRKT 310) Study Guide Essay Essay Overview Welcome to the Student Study Guide for Spring 2010. This papers will help you analyze throughout the semester and as you prepare for the common concluding test required for all subdivisions of MRKT 310. Your module member has been instrumental in the design of this trial. Continue to seek his or her aid understanding the stuff as the semester progresses. Many of the text constructs are non included in the concluding test and your module member through written assignments. instance surveies. conferences. or other methods will measure your apprehension of them. UMUC requires all proctored concluding test in the School of Undergraduate Studies be closed book. Therefore. no notes or other survey AIDSs will be allowed in the testing centre. This is a comprehensive concluding test covering the full class. All policies and processs required by UMUC and the testing centre apply. For those of you taking the paper and pencil version of the concluding test. there are two versions ( Version A and Version B ) each dwelling of an eight-page Test Instrument and a six-page Answer Sheet ( pages 9 through 14 ) . You may happen it utile to detach the Answer Sheet from the Test Instrument to let you easier entree to both paperss. Write your name and subdivision figure ( e. g. . 6980. 6981. 6982. etc. ) on the Answer Sheet. You may compose on the trial instrument. but lone responses on the Answer Sheet will be graded. For those of you taking the on-line version of the concluding test. all instructions will be noted on your computing machine screen. The on-line concluding test is indistinguishable to the paper-and-pencil version except for the inquiry order. We strongly promote you to subscribe up for the on-line version if it is available at your proving site. Please be warned that this is non an easy trial and you should be prepared to pass the full three-hour clip allocation at your proctored testing centre. Most of your clip should be spent on the short and long essays. Do non brood on the definitions and the multiple-choice subdivisions. You will either cognize them or you won’t. depending on your readying. and you will blow valuable clip you will necessitate for the essays. You should be having this common pupil survey usher at the beginning of the semester. Print it out and maintain it near at manus. Be certain to reexamine it carefully and inquire your module member any clear uping inquiries on either trial format or content prior to the first twenty-four hours of finals hebdomad. Once finals hebdomad has begun. your module member will non be able to reply any inquiries sing the concluding test. When you finish your test. return BOTH the Test Instrument and your completed Answer Sheet to your monitor. Answer Sheets returned without the Test Instrument will non be graded. Part I – Definitions ( 25 per centum ) You will necessitate to cognize the definitions for 25 selling footings. You will read the definition and choose the right reply from the Word Bank. Then. publish the figure of the right term on your reply sheet. Following is the exact Word Bank as it will look on your concluding test. WORD BANKAll correct footings for the above 25 statements can be found on this list. 1. Brand 2. value proposition 3. gross revenues publicity 4. adulthood 5. motivation 6. economic environment 7. microenvironment 8. direct selling 9. consumer perceived value 10. life style 11. selling mix 12. market cleavage 13. consumer market 14. Marketing information system 15. merchandise mix 16. value bringing web 17. SWOT analysis 18. intensive distribution 19. monetary value snap 20. placement 21. commercialisation 22. Product life rhythm 23. merchandise 24. mark market 25. civilization 1. Brand – is a name. mark. symbol. motto or anything that is used to place and separate a specific merchandise. service. or concern. 2. Value proposition – is an analysis and quantified reappraisal of the benefits. costs and value that an organisation can present to clients and other component groups within and outside of the organisation. 3. Gross saless publicity is one of the four facets of promotional mix. ( The other three parts of the promotional mix are advertisement. personal merchandising. and publicity/public relations. ) Media and non-media selling communicating are employed for a pre-determined. limited clip to increase consumer demand. stimulate market demand or better merchandise handiness. 4. Adulthood 5. Motive – An emotion. desire. physiological demand. or similar urge that acts as an incitation to action. 6. Economic environment – Economics is the societal scientific discipline that surveies the production. distribution. and ingestion of goods and services. 7. The micro-environment consists of stakeholder groups that a house has regular traffics with. The manner these relationships develop can impact the costs. quality and overall success of a concern. Suppliers. distributers. clients and competition. 8. Direct selling – is a signifier of advertisement that reaches its audience without utilizing traditional formal channels of advertisement. such as Television. newspapers or wireless. Businesss communicate straight to the consumer with advertisement techniques such as flyers. catalogue distribution. promotional letters. and street advertisement. 9. Consumer perceived value – The value of a merchandise is the mental appraisal a consumer makes of it. Formally it may be conceptualized as the relationship between the consumer’s perceived benefits in relation to the sensed costs of having these benefits. It is frequently expressed as the equation: Value = Benefits / Cost 10. Lifestyle – A mode of life that reflects the person’s values and attitudes. 11. Marketing mix – Product. monetary value. topographic point and publicity. Packaging. Peoples. Public Voice. Pamper. Politicss and Physical Evidence. 12. Market cleavage – Market cleavage is a scheme that involves spliting a larger market into subsets of consumers who have common demands and applications for the goods and services offered in the market. These subgroups of consumers can be identified by a figure of different demographics. depending on the intents behind placing the groups. Selling runs are frequently designed and implemented based on this type of client cleavage. 13. Consumer market – A defined group of consumers. Buyers and possible purchasers of goods and services for personal and family usage 14. Marketing information system – Set of processs and patterns employed in analysing and measuring selling information. gathered continuously from beginnings inside and outside of a house. Seasonably marketing information provides footing for determinations such as merchandise development or betterment. pricing. packaging. distribution. media choice. and publicity. See besides market information system. 15. Product mix – Range of associated merchandises which yield larger gross revenues gross when marketed together than if they are marketed separately or in isolation of others. 16. Value bringing web – A Value Delivery is a company’s supply concatenation and how it spouses with specific providers and distributers in the procedure of bring forthing goods and presenting them to market. It involves utilizing competitory advantages external to the house ( providers. distributers. clients ) . 17. SWOT analysis – A scan of the internal and external environment is an of import portion of the strategic planning procedure. Environmental factors internal to the house normally can be classified as strengths ( S ) or failings ( W ) . and those external to the house can be classified as chances ( O ) or menaces ( T ) . Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. 18. Intensive distribution – Marketing scheme under which a house sells through as many mercantile establishments as possible. so that the consumers encounter the merchandise virtually everyplace they go: supermarkets. drug shops. gas Stationss. etc. Soft drinks are by and large made available through intensive distribution. 19. Price snap – Is an snap used in economic sciences to demo the reactivity of the measure demanded of a good or service to a alteration in its monetary value. 20. Positioning – In selling. placement has come to intend the procedure by which sellers try to make an image or individuality in the heads of theirmark market for its merchandise. trade name. or organisation. 21. Commercialization – is the procedure or rhythm of presenting a new merchandise into the market. 22. Product life rhythm – A new merchandise progresses through a sequence of phases from debut to growing. adulthood. and diminution. This sequence is known as the merchandise life rhythm and is associated with alterations in the selling state of affairs. therefore impacting the selling scheme and the selling mix. 23. Product – An point that ideally satisfies a market’s privation or demand. 24. Target market – Involves interrupting a market into sections and so concentrating your selling attempts on one or a few cardinal sections. 25. Culture – Represents the behaviour. beliefs and. in many instances. the manner we act learned by interacting or detecting other members of society. In this manner. much of what we do is shared behavior. passed along from one member of society to another. Part II – Multiple Choice ( 20 per centum ) There are 20 multiple-choice inquiries from which you can choose a. b. c. or vitamin D responses. Be careful as most multiple-choice inquiries will hold at least two picks that look executable. Choose the 1 that is the most on point. The multiple-choice inquiries are both definitional and application types. Choose the right missive of your pick and compose it on the Answer Sheet in the suitably numbered box. The undermentioned list comprises those constructs from the text. which you can anticipate to be assessed via the concluding test. They are presented in order of the class aims. Course Objective 1 – understand how selling scheme creates a positiverelationship between a house and its clients. ( Chapter 1 ) 1. Relationships between demands. wants. demands – is the procedure by which companies determine what merchandises or services may be of involvement to clients. and the scheme to utilize in gross revenues. communications and concern development. [ 1 ] It is an incorporate procedure through which companies create value for clients and construct strong client relationships in order to capture value from clients in return. Selling is used to place the client. to maintain the client. and to fulfill the client. With the client as the focal point of its activities. it can be concluded that marketing direction is one of the major constituents of concern direction. The development of selling was caused due to mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries. Companies so shifted the focal point from production to the client in order to remain profitable. The term selling construct holds that accomplishing organisational ends depends on cognizing the demands and wants of mark markets and presenting the coveted satisfactions. [ 2 ] It proposes that in order to fulfill its organisational aims. an organisation should expect the demands and wants of consumers and fulfill these more efficaciously than rivals. 2. Marketing direction orientations – An organisation with a market orientation focuses its attempts on 1 ) continuously roll uping information about customers’ demands and competitors’ capablenesss. 2 ) sharing this information across sections. and 3 ) utilizing the information to make client value. 3. The market orientation merely defines an organisation that understands the importance of client demands. makes an attempt to supply merchandises of high value to its clients. and markets its merchandises and services in a co-ordinated holistic plan across all sections. In what we call the â€Å"Marketing Concept. † the company embraces a doctrine that the â€Å"Customer is King. † The Marketing Concept is an attitude. It’s a doctrine that is driven down throughout the organisation from the really top of the direction construction. The Marketing Concept communicates that â€Å"the client is king. † Everything that the company does focal points on the client. Via the Marketing Concept. a company makes every attempt to outdo understand the wants and demands of its mark market and to make want-satisfying goods that best carry through the demands of that mark market and to make this better than the competition. The term selling construct holds that accomplishing organisational ends depends on cognizing the demands and wants of mark markets and presenting the coveted satisfactions. [ 2 ] It proposes that in order to fulfill its organisational aims. an organisation should expect the demands and wants of consumers and fulfill these more efficaciously than rivals. 4. Partner relationship direction – is a concern scheme for bettering communicating between companies and their channel spouses. 5. Importance and procedure of Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) – is a company-wide concern scheme designed to cut down costs and increase profitableness by solidifying client satisfaction. trueness. and protagonism. True CRM brings together information from all informations beginnings within an organisation ( and where appropriate. from outside the organisation ) to give one. holistic position of each client in existent clip. This allows client confronting employees in such countries as gross revenues. client support. and selling to do speedy yet informed determinations on everything from cross-selling and upselling chances to aim selling schemes to competitory placement tactics. Course Objective 2 – Appreciate the importance of moralss and societal duty in selling. ( Chapter 20 ) Differences between consumerism and environmentalism – is a societal and economic order that is based on the systematic creative activity and fosterage of a desire to buy goods or services in of all time greater sums. environmentalism – is a wide doctrine and societal motion sing concerns for environmental preservation and betterment of the province of the environment. 1. Sustainable selling rules2. Role of moralss and corporate duty Course Objective 3 – Understand the function of marketing within an organisation and how selling relates to and drive customer-focused company scheme.( Chapter 2 ) 1. Marketing’s function in company broad strategic planning2. Difference between value concatenation and value bringing web 3. Contentss of a selling program and general thought of what is included in each subdivision 4. Consumer ( or customer-driven ) oriented selling scheme Course Objective 4 – Describe the impact of external and internal environments on selling scheme. ( Chapters 3. 18 ) 1. Major histrions in a company’s microenvironment2. Major forces in a company’s macroenvironment3. Competitive places Course Objective 5 – Demonstrate ability to analyse. synthesise and incorporate cardinal selling construct of market research. consumer behaviour. cleavage. aiming and positioning on practical state of affairss. ( Chapters 4. 5. 7 ) 1. Difference between a selling information system and selling intelligence 2. Psychological factors impacting a person’s purchasing picks 3. Marketing aiming schemes Course Objective 6 – Define and use the selling processes implicit in merchandise. monetary value. topographic point. and publicity determinations. ( Chapters 8. 9. 10. 12. 14 ) 1. Merchandise and service categorizations2. Three degrees of merchandises3. Branding schemes4. Customer equity5. Features of servicesmerchandise life rhythm schemes6. Role of net incomes in presenting client value7. Puting monetary values based on client perceptual experiences of value8. Differences between direct and indirect selling channels Part III – Short Essay Responses ( 25 per centum ) There are six short essay response inquiries ; but you need to finish ONLY FIVE. All of the short essay inquiries are looking for something specific and may affect a listing of stairss or phases in a selling procedure. It will be hard for you to reply these inquiries unless you know the stuff. You do non hold to utilize the exact nomenclature. but you do hold to show you know the stairss or phases for maximal recognition. Your essay responses need to be recorded on the Answer Sheet in the infinite provided ( about l/3 page ) . but if you need extra room you may utilize the rear of the Answer Sheet. Be certain to tag the continued inquiry figure clearly. Leave the essay inquiry you are jumping space. Each short essay response is deserving 5 points. Chapter( one inquiry per chapter )Marketing construct to be tested2Elementss in a company’s microenvironment and why each group is of import to make value 20Be prepared to call a company you believe patterns enlightened selling and support your choice 8Importance and choice of the four trade name scheme determinations. 8Features of services9Selling schemes for each phase of the merchandise life rhythm 11Pricing schemes for new merchandises There are three long essay inquiries that will necessitate you to unify multiple selling constructs and use them to a specific scenario. You ONLY Necessitate TO ADDRESS TWO OF THE THREE LONG ESSAYS. The more particulars you can show the more recognition you can gain. You may desire to sketch your response on the rear of the Test Instrumentprior to composing your response on the Answer Sheet so you can form your ideas and in the sequence you want them presented to your module member for rating. Each long essay inquiry is deserving 15 points. The long essay inquiries will cover the undermentioned selling subjects: 1. Integrated Marketing Communications – Be prepared to urge an IMC scheme including a selling communications mix and principle for a new consumer merchandise 2. Customer Relationship Management – Be prepared to sketch a CRM scheme for a little concern. including recommendations for specific CRM tools to capture client value for that company’s most valued clients. 3. Cleavage. aiming and positioning – Be prepared to sketch the features of at least three distinguishable market sections for a national concatenation mentioning to the standards for effectual sections. Be prepared to support your picks. From all your selling module members - good fortune on this test and the balance of your academic calling.

Budgetary Slack As A Management Control Mechanism Accounting Essay

Budgetary Slack As A Management Control Mechanism Accounting Essay Introduction Budgeting control system is one of the popular mechanisms in the management control systems that have undergone significant shifts of emphasis in both literature and practices. Budget slack meaning a deliberate underestimation of revenues and overestimation of costs than of actual budget is one of the aspects of budgetary control in the research of contemporary accounting management literature. The conventional wisdom on budgetary slack underlies a negative image of slack creation by the managers to appropriate organizational resources available after optimal utilization of the so called achievable budget targets. Alternative voice is that budgetary slack is often rewarding for the managers and also for the organization, serving as motivation for efficient utilization of resources and meeting the targets of the organization. However, the relationship between budgetary slack and management control mechanism underlies budgetary slack as the outcome of either tight budgeti ng or lack of budgetary supervision. In addition to that, budgetary slack are also used as management control mechanism. Against this backdrop, the objective of the paper is to review the existing image and practices of budgetary slack as a mechanism of management control and the role of budgetary slack that impact on the behavior of managers. For that end the paper in the beginning details out the conceptual scheme of budgetary slack and the factors and strategies to create budgetary slack. It reviews the linkages between management control mechanism and budgetary slack in the next section. Then, the paper importantly deals with the role of budgetary slack on the behavioral pattern of the managers. Finally the paper ended with discussing some ways to enhance he positive functioning of budgetary slack to control unethical practices and increase accountability and transparency of the management. The Concept of Budgetary Slack Budgetary slack in its simplest form, as in the lexicon of advance accounting, is defined as the difference between an actual budget figure and an easily obtainable budget figure. When a manager controls budget resources more than optimal to accomplish his or her objectives, then the manager creates a condition of budget slack (Kren, 2003). For instance, budget slacking may take the form of underestimated performance capabilities, understated revenues or overstated expenses over a projected period of time. The official terminology of CIMA considers that slack in the budgeting process occurs if there is an intentional underestimation of revenues or overestimation of expenses by the managers (Jia, 2007). Payes (1989) emphasizes on the issue of performance in defining budget slack. According to his perspective, the difference between a division’s expected performance capability and a participatively-set performance standard or target creates budgetary slack. Budget slack is the difference between the resources allocated or available to a division and those resources needed to achieve a budget-set or output target. Becker and Green (1962) and Schiif and Lewin (1970) advocated that for slack to occur participative budgeting is a necessary condition. Budget slack should be distinguished from two related concepts in the accounting management literature: ‘organizational slack’, and ‘budget achievability’. Organizational slack which serves as a positive function by absorbing fluctuations in an uncertain environment refers to the safeguard measures taken by the authorities to reduce the harmful effects of uncertain conditions on which the firms function (Cyert and March, 1963). Quite similarly, ‘budget achievability’ reduces the risk of dysfunctional subordinate behavior by increasing predictability of earnings, and reducing time spent on control of profit center operations (Merchant and Manzoni, 1989). The differences between budget slack and these two concepts is that budget slac k is concealed from superiors and exceeds allowable levels. Other views on the definition of budget slack are mostly concerned with managers’ effort to choose a more easily attainable budget standard against which subordinates’ performances will be evaluated (Jawarski and Young, 1989), or with managers’ desire to create protection from uncertainties by absorbing fluctuations (Cyert and March, 1963).

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Case analysis - Essay Example In principle, international markets require unique approaches due to the variation in market characteristics. Home Furniture Ltd is one of the business organizations that have expanded its business strategy in the international market in an effort to increase its profits. In these new markets, the organization has faced the challenges of deploying effective leadership in a multi-cultural environment. For the organization to position itself in this business market, it is crucial to re-strategize and develop effective leadership strategies desired in the modern business environment (Stahl & Brannen, 2013). A close analysis of the organizational management in Home Furniture ltd will reveal the weaknesses and the strategies that can be used to realign the organization in the international market. Globalization and cross-cultural management are terms that emerged as a result of organizations efforts to expand their business operations in the international market. Business globalization has many advantages to the organization and this is why many organizations are pushing their operations in the international market. Global strategy helps organizations to take advantage of emerging market segments where business potential is higher than in local markets. This provides an opportunity for the organization to optimize their profits by investing in rapidly growing markets. Also, globalization helps organizations to increase its customers which will have a positive impact on the performance of the organization. As competition becomes severe in local markets, organizations are pushed to invest in geographical markets to ensure that they survive the severity of this competition. However, the international business market has many risk factors that threaten new market entrants. First, the cultural factors influence business strategy. In the international market, the organizations has to work with different cultural attributes

Erickson's theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Erickson's theory - Essay Example However, the third hypothesis was relevant to the nature of the impact that parental involvement has on young children. The study was conducted with 25 families of children that were in kindergarten and first grade. Both parents worked outside the home and according to Culp et al. (2000) contributed to the fathers, "[...] taking a greater responsibility in their parent-child interactions during weekdays than single-earner family fathers" (p. 28). Based on this increased involvement by the fathers, Culp et al. (2000) confirmed their hypothesis when they concluded that greater father interaction was "associated with children's perceptions of self-competence and social acceptance" (p. 36). The Culp et al. (2000) study found that while increased father involvement elevated the child's sense of parental acceptance, it did not improve their cognitive or physical abilities (p. 36). Though Culp et al. (2000) found that more involvement by the male parent resulted in a perception by the father of better physical behavior, the study pointed out that this might only be the father's perception of the child's behavior (pp. 35-36). The increased time spent with the child, and the added responsibility of caring for them, may alter the father's perception but not the behavior of the child. Erikson's model would tell us that increased father involvement during stage 2 and

Airport screening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Airport screening - Essay Example In his book, Airport and Aviation Security Elias2 (21) states that mandatory screening in airports is among the strategies that the DHS is employing to prevent terrorists from gaining entry into the country. According to the policy, all passengers from abroad are subjected to thorough screening at the airports to prevent entry of explosives and illegal arms or illicit drugs into the country. The screening policy at the airport was expanded recently following an Ebola scare. This follows a growing concern among Americans of the possible spread of the Ebola into the United States. In the news article â€Å"Ebola Airport Screenings May Seem Intrusive, But They’re Legal, Experts Say†, Tucker (6) notes that Ebola, a disease that was first reported in West Africa, has already claimed the lives of close to 2,000 people. Among the West African countries where deaths have been reported include Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone. Ebola has also been reported in Spain and the U.S., where the disease recently claimed the life of a patient who had been transferred from West Africa for treatment. The Ebola scare has caused a scare to Americans to the extent that the government has been forced to put stringent measures to prevent the spread of Ebola into the U.S. According to the new policy, passengers arriving from West African countries, such as Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone are required to be subjected to thorough screening for Ebola virus. A news article published by Eye Witness News stated that the screening involves checking the passengers temperatures using non-touch thermometers and other screening techniques (5). The main aim of Ebola screening at the airport is to help identify sick passengers from Ebola affected countries so that appropriate measures are taken to prevent the passengers from mixing with the rest of the American population. Any passengers found showing symptoms of Ebola are quarantined immediately in the isolation facilities

School Exclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School Exclusion - Essay Example The topic under consideration is school exclusion. In many years the choice of this topic is motivated by a number of good reasons which includes among other things: My experience working directly with young people excluded by schools, on alternative education provision programs puts me in a good position to bring in first hand account into the research work being carried out. In addition, I have worked on projects that are related to social problems such as joblessness, alcohol and substance abuse and its attendant increased crime proliferation. A common trend that was observed among the majority of people that I came into contact with during this period exhibited interesting features that boarded on the subject matter of this research. Almost all the people had a visible form of low level of formal education; they also had a history of unpleasant experiences in the school setting. Finally, it is important to state that current social and political policy places education at the centre for personal and social development, thus making the topic increasingly relevant to our day and age. It is against this background that Mr. Tony Blair former British Prime Minister was quoted as saying "The best defence against social exclusion is having a job, and the best way to get a job is to have a good education' (SEU 1999, Pp6). The Labour Government therefore committed itself to addressing the challenges posed by social inequalities. Consequently, in carrying out research on a topic which is of personal interest to me it is my desire to contribute to the body of existing knowledge in my research sphere and also as a reference point for future research work (Bell 1999 Pg2). Indeed, the question of social exclusion and its attendant ills on the wellbeing of society is of paramount importance to stakeholders and interest groups. Many have therefore called for a well conserted approach to studying and addressing it. Suffice to cite a few statistical data from the 1999 report of the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) on Truancy and School Exclusion: In the 1995/96 academic year there were 12,500 permanent exclusions; Schools have to report to LEAs fixed-term exclusions (defined as exclusions of between five and a maximum 15 days per term) but the information is not collated. OFSTED estimates there are around 100,000 a year. Some of these may be repeat exclusions of the same child; Most excluded pupils are white, male young teenagers. But a number of groups are disproportionately likely to be excluded; children with special needs are six times more likely than others to be excluded; African-Caribbean children are more than six times more likely to be excluded from the school system; Children in care are ten times more likely; 83 per cent of excluded pupils are boys. 80 per cent are between 12 and 15 and half are 14 or 15; Recent evidence however proves that exclusions at primary ages are rising fast - by 18 per cent as captured in the report; Exclusion rates vary greatly from school to school, but tend to be higher in areas of deprivation; Statistics from the SEU's report Preventing Social Exclusion (2001) sights: Of all rough sleepers only 38% have any educational qualifications; Young runaways are twice as likely to have been excluded from school compared to those who do not

Issues in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issues in Criminal Justice - Essay Example behaviour of the defendant, illegal possession of drugs, presence of drug in school and secretly carrying drug with approval or knowledge of the school administrator. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 "enacted the 100-to-1 quantity sentencing powder cocaine"; the law is strong enough to suggest the award of sentence. As per law, "possession of drugs i.e. cocaine is liable to five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence", the quantity specified in the law is 500 grams of powder cocaine. As per gathered evidence there is no law, which can protect the defendant from the imprisonment sentence (Martin, 2002). The serious offence committed by the defendant is much beyond the possession of cocaine. The defendant possessed cocaine at a location which is considered to be righteous place. The possession of cocaine at schools and public location is serious offence than simple possession of cocaine. The important element relevant to this case also includes the non-availability of any argument, excuse or reason by the defendant which shall rescue her against the violation. As per American Behaviour-Law, no one stands above the law enforcement agencies. The instruction of law enforcement agencies is binding, and any violation shall be considered unacceptable. The defendant misbehaved with the police officer, the defendant was abusive and her act of throwing bag towards the officer was sign of disrespect. As per law, the defendant shall be either send for voluntary service, if not she shall be counselled, and any such action in future shall be deemed intolerable, and the defendant can be taken into custody as per law. The law suggests that the defendant has no right to protest in front of police; however the defendant had the right to request the presence of her lawyer during investigation. From the quoted incident, it is evident that the behaviour of the police officer towards the defendant was normal and acceptable, therefore the response of the defendant towards

The wealth and poverty of nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The wealth and poverty of nations - Essay Example Other people in the world should try to understand how the expansionists Europeans have grown very rich. He also stated that relative poverty today is the result of failure on the part of political, religious and mercantile elites to pass the tests of maintaining and regaining independence from and assimilating the technologies demonstrated by the people from Europe (DeLong, 1998). Landes demonstrated that Europe was the center and basis of economic development. He also pointed out that the reason why Eurasian civilizations had an edge in technological advancement over non-Eurasian is the climate. According to Landes, it is impossible for human beings to live in any numbers in â€Å"temperate† climates before the invention of fire, housing, tanning, but that once the technological capability to live where it snows has been gained, the "temperate" climates allowed a higher material standard of living (DeLong, 1998). I am not really convinced about this argument that Landes had presented. Though, I can say that climate can be one of the factors affecting the developments of an economy, it need not be of great impact as what Landes had pointed out. In our world today, a lot of counties gifted with rich natural resources and great climate are suffering from great economic issues and belonged to the less developed countries.

Issues in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issues in Criminal Justice - Essay Example behaviour of the defendant, illegal possession of drugs, presence of drug in school and secretly carrying drug with approval or knowledge of the school administrator. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 "enacted the 100-to-1 quantity sentencing powder cocaine"; the law is strong enough to suggest the award of sentence. As per law, "possession of drugs i.e. cocaine is liable to five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence", the quantity specified in the law is 500 grams of powder cocaine. As per gathered evidence there is no law, which can protect the defendant from the imprisonment sentence (Martin, 2002). The serious offence committed by the defendant is much beyond the possession of cocaine. The defendant possessed cocaine at a location which is considered to be righteous place. The possession of cocaine at schools and public location is serious offence than simple possession of cocaine. The important element relevant to this case also includes the non-availability of any argument, excuse or reason by the defendant which shall rescue her against the violation. As per American Behaviour-Law, no one stands above the law enforcement agencies. The instruction of law enforcement agencies is binding, and any violation shall be considered unacceptable. The defendant misbehaved with the police officer, the defendant was abusive and her act of throwing bag towards the officer was sign of disrespect. As per law, the defendant shall be either send for voluntary service, if not she shall be counselled, and any such action in future shall be deemed intolerable, and the defendant can be taken into custody as per law. The law suggests that the defendant has no right to protest in front of police; however the defendant had the right to request the presence of her lawyer during investigation. From the quoted incident, it is evident that the behaviour of the police officer towards the defendant was normal and acceptable, therefore the response of the defendant towards

Ethical Dilemmas and Cultural Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical Dilemmas and Cultural Issues Essay 29 year old Sakura has been brought to counseling by a concerned neighbor because she believes Sakura is suffering from depression. She is listless and silent, and prone to staring in to space. During the course of the counseling sessions, it was discovered that Sakura’s husband has been violent towards her recently. Sakura is Japanese and has migrated to California two years ago, here she met and married an American husband. Sakura refuses to tell authorities because she is ashamed that her family in Japan would discover the failure of her marriage. She clearly tells the counselor that no one should know of the state of her relationship with her husband. A counselor is ethically obligated to inform authorities about the abusive nature of the relationship but she is also obligated to respect her client’s wishes. Framework for Ethical Decision Making (Velasquez, M. , Moberg, D. , Meyer, M. J. , Shanks, T. ,. McLean, M. R. , DeCosse, D. , Andre, C. , and Hanson, K. O. , 2009) Recognize an Ethical Issue Psychologists cannot break client-therapist confidentiality; Sakura has clearly expressed that her problems in marriage must be kept confidential and believes that her husband’s temperament is just being affected by his problems at work and the situation between them can be resolved. The counselor feels conflicted because the situation involves actual and potential risk for the client. Get the Facts Sakura is being verbally and physically abused when her husband is incited to anger by small things, like unwashed laundry or bland food. She sometimes gets bruises when her husband grabs he arms and shakes her or pushes her around. Sakura feels miserable at the state of her marriage but she was raised to be a loyal wife to her husband. The Japanese value a good marriage and frown upon divorce and marital problems. The Japanese believe marital problems must be resolved at home and must not be publicly acknowledged. This must be dealt with in therapy sessions sensitive to her culture and to her way of thinking. She must learn to value herself more than valuing the opinion of others. Evaluate Alternative Actions The counselor may decide to first try to convince Sakura of the unreasonable aspects of her situation. An establishment of a high sense of self-worth in therapy can ideally enable her get out of the abusive relationship by her own accord. However, when the danger is imminent and when it is clear that her husband is escalating in violence towards Sakura then the first area of concern would be to notify authorities to stop the abuse. Make a Decision and Test It The therapist can decide to tell the authorities about the nature of the situation, testing a decision can involve looking at the possible outcomes should the decision be executed. All other approaches must be considered; a useful exercise would be asking the question â€Å"what If I told someone I respect-or told a television audience-which option I have chosen, what would they say? † considering different perspectives is vital in making the choice. Act and Reflect on the Outcome Implement the decision, tell the authorities and monitor the outcome, Sakura must be guided in therapy and offered psychological support at all times. Reference: Velasquez, M. , Moberg, D. , Meyer, M. J. , Shanks, T. ,. McLean, M. R. , DeCosse, D. , Andre, C. , and Hanson, K. O. , (2009). A framework for ethical decision making. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University.